Salem

Can the nicer beds, which have to be built inside a house, be carried outside of the house afterwards? I want to get the benefits of the bed now, but not have my nice bed in a Hovel forever.

You would have to test that yourself. My guess is yes. However you must be warned that taking anything that is supposed to be in a house (only allows you to build it in a house) will decay anywhere and seems to have a higher chance to do so. I would suggest if you want one just leave it in your hovel. I would also assume that someone could steal it so they probably can take it outside the house. But I would not risk it.

If you can't build anything outside but inside a house you will not be able to carry it outside.
So you will have a bed in your hovel... forever... and you have to build a new one in a new (bigger) house if you like to have a bed there.