If you don't know what decay looks like, it very well could have all broke over the night. Damage and decay will turn items redder and redder until they hit 0% and permanently break/disappear. You can repair most everything in the game, though, with the "Repair" command under the adventure menu.
However, I'll have to agree with rubberduckbandit, though. Odds are you got raided if you had several items break or disappear (most likely got carried off if the person's home was close enough).
bjokes wrote:So is the only reasonable way for a new player to get started to join an existing settlement?
It's probably the smarter way, but no, it's not necessary. You just have to pay attention to who is around you, and a claim is a huge deterrent to theft, as it leaves evidence that can be used to track down and kill the perpetrator. Without that claim, you can never really tell if someone played a few hours and gave up, or if they're just getting warmed up and plan on building a claim there.
It's a harsh game, and this will be the absolute minimum that is done. It's a fun game, but you need to harden yourself for the trip if you plan on sticking around.