Read
the wiki. This page has sort-able lists about the average Gluttony values of food. This will help you figure out what to stockpile.
A lot of folks recommend foods that require Lavender Bluits for yellow bile. Personally I can't ever find any of these things. Other people don't even consider fish, but I like fishing and often use fish for humor gain. It's going to be different for every person.
So here's the foods I used before I had farming underway (as I assume you don't either). I had access to a lot of rabbits and wild garlic at the time.
Blood: Plank Stake + Buddies on a Branch
Phlegm: Lean Rabbit + Sizzled Slug
Yellow Bile: A Fish in the Reeds + Fillet on the Rocks (great use of dross BTW)
Black Bile: Garlic Spitroast
Once you get to gardening and farming there are some better options. Pumpkin Pie is awesome for Phlegm and as a pairing for Blood, Aztec Abattoir is great for Blood and Yellow Bile, and Cabbage Cakes are simply fantastic for Black Bile (also for restoring Black Bile while studying).